Factores asociados al rendimiento académico de los adolescentes de La rioja (España): hábitos de vida, indicadores de salud y factores sociodemográficos / Factors associated with academic performance in adolescents from La Rioja (Spain): lifestyle habits, health indicators, and sociodemographic factors

Introducción: el rendimiento académico está influenciado por numerosos factores, algunos de índole personal y otros contextuales, que, además, poseen una estrecha relación con la salud de los estudiantes. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación e influencia de los hábitos de vida, diversos indicadores de salud física y psicosocial, y variables sociodemográficas sobre dicho rendimiento. Método: el estudio se llevó a cabo sobre una muestra de 761 estudiantes (14,51 ± 1,63 años) de 25 centros educativos de una región del norte de España. Se valoró el rendimiento académico, así como la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la autoestima, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, las horas de sueño nocturno, el nivel de actividad física, el entorno para la práctica de dicha actividad física, la participación en actividades deportivas extraescolares, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, el índice de masa corporal y diversos factores sociodemográficos. Resultados: ser chico, tener origen migrante y poseer un nivel socioeconómico bajo/medio, una capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en zona de riesgo, una menor adherencia a la dieta mediterránea e índices más bajos de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud resultaron asociarse a un menor rendimiento académico, llegando a explicar hasta el 14 % de su varianza según el análisis de regresión. Igualmente, los adolescentes con mayor autoestima, menor índice de masa corporal, las chicas, aquellos que residían en un entorno favorable para la práctica física, los que realizaban actividad física extraescolar y los que presentaban mayor número de horas de sueño nocturno, mostraron mayores índices de rendimiento académico. Conclusiones: las intervenciones dirigidas a combatir el fracaso escolar deberían tener en cuenta los factores asociados citados, haciendo especial hincapié en los grupos más vulnerables como los chicos, aquellos con menor nivel socioeconómico y los que siguen unos hábitos de vida no saludables.(AU)

Introduction: academic performance is influenced by numerous factors, some personal and others contextual in nature, which also have a closerelationship with the health of students. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship and influence of lifestyle habits, variousphysical and psychosocial health indicators, and sociodemographic variables on academic performance.Method: the study was carried out on a sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years old) from 25 educational centers in a region of northernSpain. Academic performance was assessed, as well as health-related quality of life, self-esteem, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, hoursof nocturnal sleep, level of physical activity, environment for the practice of physical activity, participation in extra-curricular sports activities,maximum oxygen consumption, body mass index, and various sociodemographic factors.Results: being male, having immigrant origins, as well as having a low/medium socioeconomic level, a cardiorespiratory capacity in the risk zone,lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and lower health-related quality of life indices were associated with lower academic performance,explaining up to 14 % of its variance according to the regression analysis. Likewise, adolescents with higher self-esteem, lower body mass index,females, those who lived in a favorable environment for physical activity practice, engaged in extra-curricular physical activity, and had a highernumber of hours of nocturnal sleep showed higher levels of academic performance.Conclusions: interventions aimed at combating academic failure should take into account the aforementioned associated factors, with specialemphasis on the most vulnerable groups such as males, those with lower socioeconomic status, and those who follow unhealthy lifestyle habits.(AU)

[Factors associated with academic performance in adolescents from La Rioja (Spain): lifestyle habits, health indicators, and sociodemographic factors]. / Factores asociados al rendimiento académico de los adolescentes de La Rioja (España): hábitos de vida, indicadores de salud y factores sociodemográficos.

Introduction: Introduction: academic performance is influenced by numerous factors, some personal and others contextual in nature, which also have a close relationship with the health of students. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship and influence of lifestyle habits, various physical and psychosocial health indicators, and sociodemographic variables on academic performance. Method: the study was carried out on a sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years old) from 25 educational centers in a region of northern Spain. Academic performance was assessed, as well as health-related quality of life, self-esteem, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, hours of nocturnal sleep, level of physical activity, environment for the practice of physical activity, participation in extra-curricular sports activities, maximum oxygen consumption, body mass index, and various sociodemographic factors. Results: being male, having immigrant origins, as well as having a low/medium socioeconomic level, a cardiorespiratory capacity in the risk zone, lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and lower health-related quality of life indices were associated with lower academic performance, explaining up to 14 % of its variance according to the regression analysis. Likewise, adolescents with higher self-esteem, lower body mass index, females, those who lived in a favorable environment for physical activity practice, engaged in extra-curricular physical activity, and had a higher number of hours of nocturnal sleep showed higher levels of academic performance. Conclusions: interventions aimed at combating academic failure should take into account the aforementioned associated factors, with special emphasis on the most vulnerable groups such as males, those with lower socioeconomic status, and those who follow unhealthy lifestyle habits.

Introducción: Introducción: el rendimiento académico está influenciado por numerosos factores, algunos de índole personal y otros contextuales, que, además, poseen una estrecha relación con la salud de los estudiantes. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación e influencia de los hábitos de vida, diversos indicadores de salud física y psicosocial, y variables sociodemográficas sobre dicho rendimiento. Método: el estudio se llevó a cabo sobre una muestra de 761 estudiantes (14,51 ± 1,63 años) de 25 centros educativos de una región del norte de España. Se valoró el rendimiento académico, así como la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la autoestima, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, las horas de sueño nocturno, el nivel de actividad física, el entorno para la práctica de dicha actividad física, la participación en actividades deportivas extraescolares, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, el índice de masa corporal y diversos factores sociodemográficos. Resultados: ser chico, tener origen migrante y poseer un nivel socioeconómico bajo/medio, una capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en zona de riesgo, una menor adherencia a la dieta mediterránea e índices más bajos de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud resultaron asociarse a un menor rendimiento académico, llegando a explicar hasta el 14 % de su varianza según el análisis de regresión. Igualmente, los adolescentes con mayor autoestima, menor índice de masa corporal, las chicas, aquellos que residían en un entorno favorable para la práctica física, los que realizaban actividad física extraescolar y los que presentaban mayor número de horas de sueño nocturno, mostraron mayores índices de rendimiento académico. Conclusiones: las intervenciones dirigidas a combatir el fracaso escolar deberían tener en cuenta los factores asociados citados, haciendo especial hincapié en los grupos más vulnerables como los chicos, aquellos con menor nivel socioeconómico y los que siguen unos hábitos de vida no saludables.

Lifestyle habits, health indicators and sociodemographic factors associated with health-related quality of life and self-esteem in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Mental health is defined as a state of emotional, psychological, and social well-being, and has been shown to be positively associated with self-esteem and quality of life. It is important to note that mental health is dynamic and influenced by a wide range of social, biological, and behavioral factors. Therefore, the aim this study was to describe the health-related quality of life and self-esteem in adolescents, examining their relationship with various health indicators, lifestyle habits, and sociodemographic variables. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years). Health-related quality of life, self-esteem, satisfaction with body image, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity practice, hours of nightly sleep, maximum oxygen consumption, body mass index, academic performance, and various sociodemographic factors of all participants were analyzed. RESULTS: Regression analysis showed that body satisfaction and academic performance were associated of both health-related quality of life and self-esteem. Additionally, physical activity, age, and favourable settings for physical activity engagement were also found to be related to health-related quality of life, whilst adherence to the Mediterranean diet, hours of nightly sleep, maximum oxygen consumption and socioeconomic status were associated with self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: Given the associations found between health-related quality of life and self-esteem with lifestyle habits and sociodemographic indicators, there is an urgent need to develop interdisciplinary and cross-cutting promotion strategies to improve the mental health of adolescents.

Factores asociados al sueño nocturno de los adolescentes / Factors associated with night sleep in adolescents

Introducción: durante la adolescencia se producen numerosos cambios en los hábitos de vida que afectan también a los patrones de sueño; patrones que son clave en el desarrollo de los jóvenes y en su estado de salud. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación e influencia de diversos hábitos de vida, indicadores de salud física y psicosocial, y variables sociodemográficas sobre la duración del sueño nocturno. Material y métodos: el estudio se llevó a cabo sobre una muestra de 761 estudiantes (14,51 ± 1,63 años) de 25 centros educativos de una región del norte de España. Se valoró el número de horas de sueño nocturno, así como la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, nivel de actividad física, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, autoestima, consumo máximo de oxígeno, índice de masa corporal, rendimiento académico y diversos factores sociodemográficos. Resultados: tener mayor edad e índice de masa corporal, así como una menor adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y estudiar en centros de zonas urbanas fueron predictores de un menor número de horas de sueño nocturno, llegando a explicar el 26,2% de su varianza. Asimismo, los adolescentes que no cumplían con las recomendaciones de sueño nocturno presentaron menores índices de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y autoestima, así como niveles más bajos de actividad física y consumo máximo de oxígeno. Conclusiones: las intervenciones dirigidas a la prevención de los trastornos del sueño deberían tener en cuenta los factores predictores citados, orientando los esfuerzos hacia el fomento de hábitos saludables y entornos propicios para el descanso, especialmente, en zonas urbanas (AU)

Introduction: during adolescence there are many changes in lifestyle that also affect sleep patterns, patterns that are key in the development of young people and their health status. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyse the relationship and influence of various lifestyle habits, physical and psychosocial health indicators, and sociodemographic variables on the duration of night sleep.Method: a cross-sectional study was applied to a sample of 761 students (14.51±1.63 years) from 25 educational centers in a region of northern Spain. Their hours of nightly sleep were assessed, as well as their adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity engagement, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, maximum oxygen uptake, body mass index, academic performance, and various sociodemographic factors.Results: being older and having a higher body mass index, as well as lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet and studying in urban centers were predictors of a lower number of hours of nightly sleep, explaining 26.2% of its variance. Likewise, adolescents who did not meet the nightly sleep recommendations had lower rates of health-related quality of life and self-esteem, as well as lower levels of physical activity and maximal oxygen uptake.Conclusions: interventions aimed at preventing sleep disorders should take into account the aforementioned predictive factors, directing efforts towards promoting healthy habits and environments favourable to rest, especially in urban areas. (AU)

Factores asociados a un bajo nivel de actividad física en adolescentes de la Rioja (España) / Factors associated with a low level of physical activity in adolescents from La Rioja (Spain)

Introducción: El cumplimiento de las recomendaciones en torno a la actividad física por parte de los adolescentes es deficiente, a pesar de los demostrados beneficios sobre su salud. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el nivel de actividad física en una población adolescente, evaluando su relación con diversos indicadores de salud física y psicológica, así como la influencia de diferentes variables sociodemográficas como potenciales factores predictores. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo sobre una muestra de 761 estudiantes (14,51 ± 1,63 años) de 25 centros educativos de La Rioja (España). Se valoró el nivel de actividad física, horas de sueño nocturno, consumo máximo de oxígeno, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, autoestima, satisfacción con la imagen corporal, adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, índice de masa corporal, rendimiento académico y factores sociodemográficos de los participantes. Resultados: Tener mayor edad, ser chica, tener un nivel socioeconómico bajo/medio, residir en entornos desfavorables para la práctica de AF, no realizar actividades deportivas extraescolares y estar disconforme con la imagen corporal resultaron ser factores predictores de un nivel de actividad física bajo. Asimismo, la actividad física reportó asociaciones positivas con la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, autoestima, horas de sueño nocturno, adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la actividad física deben tener en cuenta estos factores predictores, tratando de favorecer su consecución especialmente en los grupos más vulnerables. (AU)

Introduction: Compliance with the recommendations regarding physical activity by adolescents is poor despite its proven benefits on their health. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyse the physical activity engagement in an adolescent population, evaluating its relationship with various indicators of physical and psychological health, as well as the influence of different sociodemographic variables as potential predictors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was applied to a sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years) from 25 schools in La Rioja (Spain). Physical activity engagement, hours of nightly sleep, maximum oxygen uptake, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, body image satisfaction, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, body mass index, academic performance and various sociodemographic factors were analysed for all participants. Results: Being older, being a girl, having a low/medium socioeconomic level, living in unfavourable environments for practicing physical activity, not doing extracurricular sports activities, and being dissatisfied with body image were all predictors of a low physical activity engagement. Likewise, physical activity engagement reported positive associations with health-related quality of life, self-esteem, hours of nightly sleep, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and maximum oxygen uptake. Conclusions: Interventions aimed at promoting physical activity must take into account these predictive factors, trying to favor their performance, especially in the most vulnerable groups. (AU)

Hábitos y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud: diferencias entre adolescentes de entornos rurales y urbanos / Quality of life related to health and habits: Differences between adolescents in rural and urban environments

Introducción: La adolescencia es una etapa decisiva en el desarrollo humano en la que se experimentan intensos cambios físicos, psicológicos, emocionales y sociales. Existen multitud de factores influyentes en la salud, destacando entre ellos el entorno. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las diferencias en el estilo de vida y diversos indicadores de salud psicológica, física y social de los adolescentes en función del entorno rural y urbano. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio trasversal en una muestra de 761 estudiantes (14,51±1,63 años) de 25 centros educativos de una región del norte de España, distribuidos en 650 alumnos urbanos y 111 rurales. Se evaluaron los hábitos de vida y diferentes indicadores de salud física, psicológica y social, valorando el nivel de actividad física, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, las horas de sueño nocturno, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS), la autoestima, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, el entorno ambiental y el nivel socioeconómico. Resultados: Los adolescentes de zonas rurales reportaron un mayor número de horas de sueño nocturno y mayores niveles de CVRS, tanto en su conjunto, como de forma específica en el bienestar psicológico, entorno escolar y autonomía y padres. Los adolescentes de zonas urbanas mostraron mayores niveles de actividad física entre las 18:00 a 22:00, y un mayor consumo de comida rápida. Conclusiones: Los resultados manifiestan la necesidad de estrategias dirigidas a contrarrestar la influencia negativa que los factores físicos y sociodemográficos propios de las zonas urbanizadas ejercen en la CVRS. Por otro lado, en relación con los hábitos de vida, sería recomendable una oferta más amplia de actividades físicas extraescolares en las zonas rurales. (AU)

Introduction: Adolescence is a decisive stage in human development in which intense physical, psychological, emotional and social changes are experienced. There are many influential factors in health, highlighting among them the environment. Objective: The objective of the study was to analyse the lifestyle differences associated with the health of adolescents as a function of rural and urban environment. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 761 students (14.51±1.63 years) from 25 educational centers in a region of northern Spain, distributed between 650 urban and 111 rural students. Life habits and different indicators of physical, psychological and social health were evaluated, assessing the level of physical activity, maximum oxygen consumption, hours of night sleep, quality of life related to health, self-esteem, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, the environment and the socioeconomic level. Results: Adolescents in rural areas reported a greater number of hours of night sleep and higher levels of HRQL, both as a whole, and specifically in psychological well-being, school environment and autonomy and parents. Adolescents in urban areas reported higher levels of physical activity between 6:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m., and a higher consumption of fast food. Conclusions: The results show the need for strategies aimed at counteracting the negative influence that physical and sociodemographic factors typical of urbanized areas exert on HRQL. On the other hand, in relation to lifestyle habits, a wider range of extracurricular physical activities in rural areas would be recommended. (AU)

[Association between the physical activity practice environment and lifestyle habits and indicators of physical and psychosocial health.] / Asociación entre el entorno de práctica de actividad física y los hábitos de vida e indicadores de salud física y psicosocial.

OBJECTIVE: The characteristics of the residence environment seem to be closely related to the health status of its residents, and the infrastructure linked to the practice of physical activity may have a direct influence on health. The objective of the study was to analyze the physical activity practice environment, evaluating in adolescents their relationship with various lifestyle habits and indicators of physical and psychosocial health, academic performance, as well as the influence of various sociodemographic variables. METHODS: The study was carried out in a sample of 761 students (14.51±1.63 years) from 25 educational centers in a region of northern Spain. The environment for the practice of physical activity, physical activity engagement, the hours of night sleep, the adherence to the Mediterranean diet, the maximum oxygen uptake, the body mass index, the health-related quality of life were assessed, self-esteem, academic performance and various sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: The residence in more favorable environments for the realization of physical activity was associated with higher physical activity engagement, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, maximum oxygen uptake, self-esteem and health-related quality of life. In addition, the rates of residence in more favorable environments for the realization of physical activity were lower on the part of migrants and those with low/medium socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: The infrastructure linked to the practice of physical activity is associated with the well-being of its residents, so interventions aimed at child and adolescent health should take into account the promotion of residential spaces that facilitate access to said practice.

OBJETIVO: Las características del entorno de residencia parecen estar estrechamente relacionadas con el estado de salud de sus residentes, pudiendo tener, la infraestructura vinculada a la práctica de actividad física, una influencia directa sobre la salud. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el entorno de práctica de actividad física, evaluando en adolescentes su relación con diversos hábitos de vida e indicadores de salud física y psicosocial, rendimiento académico, así como la influencia de diversas variables sociodemográficas. METODOS: El estudio se llevó a cabo en una muestra de 761 estudiantes (14,51±1,63 años) de 25 centros educativos de una región del norte de España. Se valoró el entorno para la práctica de actividad física, el nivel de actividad física, las horas de sueño nocturno, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, el índice de masa corporal, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la autoestima, el rendimiento académico y diversos factores sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: La residencia en entornos más favorables para la realización de actividad física se asoció con índices más altos de actividad física, adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, consumo máximo de oxígeno, autoestima y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Además, las tasas de residencia en entornos más favorables para la realización de actividad física eran menores por parte de los migrantes y aquellos con bajo/medio nivel socioeconómico. CONCLUSIONES: La infraestructura vinculada a la práctica de actividad física se asocia con el bienestar de sus residentes, por lo que las intervenciones dirigidas a la salud infantojuvenil deberían tener en cuenta la promoción de espacios residenciales que faciliten el acceso dicha práctica.

Asociación entre el entorno de práctica de actividad física y los hábitos de vida e indicadores de salud física y psicosocial / Association between the physical activity practice environment and lifestyle habits and indicators of physical and psychosocial health

Fundamentos: Las características del entorno de residencia parecen estar estrechamente relacionadas con el estado de salud de sus residentes, pudiendo tener, la infraestructura vinculada a la práctica de actividad física, una influencia directa sobre la salud. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el entorno de práctica de actividad física, evaluando en adolescentes su relación con diversos hábitos de vida e indicadores de salud física y psicosocial, rendimiento académico, así como la influencia de diversas variables sociodemográficas. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en una muestra de 761 estudiantes (14,51±1,63 años) de 25 centros educativos de una región del norte de España. Se valoró el entorno para la práctica de actividad física, el nivel de actividad física, las horas de sueño nocturno, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, el consumo máximo de oxígeno,el índice de masa corporal, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la autoestima, el rendimiento académico y diversos factores sociodemográficos. Resultados: La residencia en entornos más favorables para la realización de actividad física se asoció con índices más altos de actividad física, adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, consumo máximo de oxígeno, autoestima y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Además, las tasas de residencia en entornos más favorables para la realización de actividad física eran menores por parte de los migrantes y aquellos con bajo/medio nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: La infraestructura vinculada a la práctica de actividad física se asocia con el bienestar de sus residentes, por lo que las intervenciones dirigidas a la salud infantojuvenil deberían tener en cuenta la promoción de espacios residenciales que faciliten el acceso dicha práctica.(AU)

Background: The characteristics of the residence environment seem to be closely related to the healthstatus of its residents, and the infrastructure linked to thepractice of physical activity may have a direct influenceon health. The objective of the study was to analyze thephysical activity practice environment, evaluating in adolescents their relationship with various lifestyle habits andindicators of physical and psychosocial health, academicperformance, as well as the influence of various sociodemographic variables.Methods: The study was carried out in a sampleof 761 students (14.51±1.63 years) from 25 educationalcenters in a region of northern Spain. The environmentfor the practice of physical activity, physical activity engagement, the hours of night sleep, the adherence to theMediterranean diet, the maximum oxygen uptake, thebody mass index, the healthrelated quality of life wereassessed, selfesteem, academic performance and varioussociodemographic factors.Results: The residence in more favorable environments for the realization of physical activity was associatedwith higher physical activity engagement, adherence to theMediterranean diet, maximum oxygen uptake, selfesteemand healthrelated quality of life. In addition, the rates of residence in more favorable environments for the realizationof physical activity were lower on the part of migrants andthose with low/medium socioeconomic status.Conclusions: The infrastructure linked to the practice of physical activity is associated with the wellbeing ofits residents, so interventions aimed at child and adolescent health should take into account the promotion of residential spaces that facilitate access to said practice.(AU)

Determinantes de la salud en la adolescencia: capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y composición corporal / Determinants of health in adolescence: cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition

Introducción: la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y la composición corporal son indicadores determinantes del estado de salud durante la adolescencia. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación de ambos parámetros con indicadores de salud mental y psicosocial, hábitos de vida y variables sociodemográficas, estableciendo sus factores predictores. Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal sobre una muestra representativa de 761 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de todos los centros educativos de La Rioja. Para ello se valoraron el índice de masa corporal, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la autoestima, las horas de sueño nocturno, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, el nivel de actividad física, el rendimiento académico y diferentes factores sociodemográficos. Resultados: los resultados determinaron que ser chico, tener una menor edad, dormir menos horas por la noche y presentar un rendimiento académico inferior son predictores de padecer obesidad, mientras que una menor edad y ser migrante lo fueron de poseer sobrepeso. Por su parte, un menor nivel de actividad física, un peor rendimiento académico, ser migrante y la no realización de actividades deportivas extraescolares fueron factores predictores de una capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en zona de riesgo. Además, el entorno para la realización de la actividad física y el nivel socioeconómico también demostraron asociaciones con dicha capacidad cardiorrespiratoria. Conclusiones: dada la influencia de la composición corporal y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria sobre la salud física y psicosocial de los adolescentes, se precisan estrategias de promoción que tengan en consideración los predictores identificados, con especial atención al fomento de estilos de vida saludables. (AU)

Introduction: cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition are determining indicators of health status during adolescence. The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship of both parameters with indicators of mental and psychosocial health, lifestyle habits, and sociodemographic variables, establishing their predictive factors. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years old) from 25 educational centers in a northern region of Spain. Body mass index, maximum oxygen uptake, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, hours of nightly sleep, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity engagement, academic performance, and different sociodemographic factors were analyzed for all participants. Results: the results determined that being a boy, being younger, sleeping fewer hours at night, and presenting a lower academic performance were predictors of suffering from obesity, while being younger and being a migrant were predictors of being overweight. On the other hand, lower physical activity engagement, poorer academic performance, being a migrant, and not practicing extracurricular sports activities were predictive factors of cardiorespiratory fitness in the risk zone. In addition, the environment for performing physical activity and socioeconomic level also showed associations with cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusions: given the influence of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness on the physical and psychosocial health of adolescents, promotion strategies are required that take into account the identified predictors, with special attention to promoting healthy lifestyles. (AU)

[Determinants of body satisfaction in adolescents.] / Determinantes de la satisfacción corporal en adolescentes de La Rioja.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of disorders associated with body image has increased considerably. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of body satisfaction in adolescents from La Rioja, as well as the determinants of physical and psychosocial health, lifestyle habits and sociodemographic factors associated with it. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years old) from 25 educational centres in a northern region of Spain. The data were collected through a battery of scientifically validated instruments (tests and questionnaires) that assessed body satisfaction, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, physical activity engagement, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, hours of nightly sleep, body mass index, maximum oxygen uptake, academic performance and various sociodemographic factors of the participants were analysed for all participants. Body satisfaction was evaluated through the method described by Stunkard and Stellar, based on the identification of the perceived and desired silhouette. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with body satisfaction. RESULTS: 59.8% of adolescents were dissatisfied with their body image, with 42.7% wishing they were thinner and 17.1% fatter. Adolescents dissatisfied with their body image reported lower levels of physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, and maximum oxygen uptake. In addition, this dissatisfaction was greater among older adolescents, migrants, girls, overweight and non-participants in sports activities. Finally, gender, health-related quality of life, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, body mass index, cardiorespiratory capacity, and academic performance were factors associated with the desire to be slimmer. However, these factors varied according to gender. CONCLUSIONS: Both lifestyle and different indicators of physical and psychological health turn out to have a key interaction in the body satisfaction of adolescents.

OBJETIVO: La prevalencia de trastornos asociados con la imagen corporal ha aumentado considerablemente. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la prevalencia de satisfacción corporal de los adolescentes riojanos, así como los determinantes de salud física y psicosocial, hábitos de vida y factores sociodemográficas asociados a la misma. METODOS: El estudio se llevó a cabo sobre una muestra de 761 estudiantes (14,51 ± 1,63 años) de 25 centros educativos de La Rioja (España). Los datos fueron recopilados a través de una batería de instrumentos científicamente validados (tests y cuestionarios) que valoraron la satisfacción corporal, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la autoestima, el nivel de actividad física, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, las horas de sueño nocturno, el índice de masa corporal, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, el rendimiento académico y diversos factores sociodemográficos de los participantes. La satisfacción corporal fue evaluada a través del método descrito por Stunkard y Stellar, basado en la identificación de la silueta percibida y de la deseada. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multinomial para identificar los factores asociados a la satisfacción corporal. RESULTADOS: El 59,8 % de los adolescentes se encontraban insatisfechos con su imagen corporal, con el 42,7% deseando estar más delgados y el 17,1% más gruesos. Los adolescentes insatisfechos con su imagen corporal reportaron menores niveles de actividad física, adherencia a la dieta Mediterránea, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, autoestima y consumo máximo de oxígeno. La insatisfacción fue mayor entre los adolescentes de mayor edad, migrantes, chicas, con exceso de peso y no practicantes en actividades deportiva extraescolar. El sexo, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la adherencia a la dieta Mediterránea, el índice de masa corporal, la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y el rendimiento académico fueron factores asociados al deseo de estar más delgado. No obstante, estos factores variaron en función del sexo. CONCLUSIONES: Tanto el estilo de vida, como diferentes indicadores de salud física y psicológica, resultan tener una influencia en la satisfacción corporal de los adolescentes.

Measuring entrepreneurship in adolescents at school: New psychometric evidence on the BEPE-A.

The economic situation worldwide demands individuals with entrepreneurial skills and aptitudes. The adolescence stage is a critical period in which these abilities could be developed and the school is a relevant setting for this purpose. To this end, instruments that allow assessing enterprising abilities are needed. Nonetheless, there remains a lack of instruments with adequate evidence of validity. The purpose of this study was, thus, to analyze the psychometric properties of the Battery for the Assessment of the Enterprising Personality-Adaptive (BEPE-A). The sample included a total of 1105 participants (men = 528; 47.4%) with an age range from 12 to 19 years (M = 15.23 years; SD = 4.40). The BEPE-A and the Entrepreneurial Attitudes Scale for Students (EASS) were used in the study. The EFA, conducted in a subsample of 512 participants, revealed that each of the subscales of the BEPE-A were basically unidimensional. The CFA, conducted in a second subsample of 593 participants, showed that a bifactor model best fit the BEPE-A structure. In addition, measurement invariance was found both by gender and age. The BEPE-A was positively associated with other measures of entrepreneurship. Results found in the study contribute valuable information about new evidences of a battery that allows screening for entrepreneurship in a critical developmental period such as adolescence, and in a relevant setting like school.

[Factors associated with a low level of physical activity in adolescents from La Rioja (Spain)]. / Factores asociados a un bajo nivel de actividad física en adolescentes de la Rioja (España).

INTRODUCTION: Compliance with the recommendations regarding physical activity by adolescents is poor despite its proven benefits on their health. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyse the physical activity engagement in an adolescent population, evaluating its relationship with various indicators of physical and psychological health, as well as the influence of different sociodemographic variables as potential predictors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was applied to a sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years) from 25 schools in La Rioja (Spain). Physical activity engagement, hours of nightly sleep, maximum oxygen uptake, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, body image satisfaction, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, body mass index, academic performance and various sociodemographic factors were analysed for all participants. RESULTS: Being older, being a girl, having a low/medium socioeconomic level, living in unfavourable environments for practicing physical activity, not doing extracurricular sports activities, and being dissatisfied with body image were all predictors of a low physical activity engagement. Likewise, physical activity engagement reported positive associations with health-related quality of life, self-esteem, hours of nightly sleep, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and maximum oxygen uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions aimed at promoting physical activity must take into account these predictive factors, trying to favor their performance, especially in the most vulnerable groups.

[Determinants of health in adolescence: cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition]. / Determinantes de la salud en la adolescencia: capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y composición corporal.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition are determining indicators of health status during adolescence. The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship of both parameters with indicators of mental and psychosocial health, lifestyle habits, and sociodemographic variables, establishing their predictive factors. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years old) from 25 educational centers in a northern region of Spain. Body mass index, maximum oxygen uptake, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, hours of nightly sleep, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity engagement, academic performance, and different sociodemographic factors were analyzed for all participants. Results: the results determined that being a boy, being younger, sleeping fewer hours at night, and presenting a lower academic performance were predictors of suffering from obesity, while being younger and being a migrant were predictors of being overweight. On the other hand, lower physical activity engagement, poorer academic performance, being a migrant, and not practicing extracurricular sports activities were predictive factors of cardiorespiratory fitness in the risk zone. In addition, the environment for performing physical activity and socioeconomic level also showed associations with cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusions: given the influence of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness on the physical and psychosocial health of adolescents, promotion strategies are required that take into account the identified predictors, with special attention to promoting healthy lifestyles.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y la composición corporal son indicadores determinantes del estado de salud durante la adolescencia. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación de ambos parámetros con indicadores de salud mental y psicosocial, hábitos de vida y variables sociodemográficas, estableciendo sus factores predictores. Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal sobre una muestra representativa de 761 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de todos los centros educativos de La Rioja. Para ello se valoraron el índice de masa corporal, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la autoestima, las horas de sueño nocturno, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, el nivel de actividad física, el rendimiento académico y diferentes factores sociodemográficos. Resultados: los resultados determinaron que ser chico, tener una menor edad, dormir menos horas por la noche y presentar un rendimiento académico inferior son predictores de padecer obesidad, mientras que una menor edad y ser migrante lo fueron de poseer sobrepeso. Por su parte, un menor nivel de actividad física, un peor rendimiento académico, ser migrante y la no realización de actividades deportivas extraescolares fueron factores predictores de una capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en zona de riesgo. Además, el entorno para la realización de la actividad física y el nivel socioeconómico también demostraron asociaciones con dicha capacidad cardiorrespiratoria. Conclusiones: dada la influencia de la composición corporal y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria sobre la salud física y psicosocial de los adolescentes, se precisan estrategias de promoción que tengan en consideración los predictores identificados, con especial atención al fomento de estilos de vida saludables.

[Quality of life related to health and habits: Differences between adolescents in rural and urban environments]. / Hábitos y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud: diferencias entre adolescentes de entornos rurales y urbanos.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a decisive stage in human development in which intense physical, psychological, emotional and social changes are experienced. There are many influential factors in health, highlighting among them the environment. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to analyse the lifestyle differences associated with the health of adolescents as a function of rural and urban environment. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 761 students (14.51±1.63 years) from 25 educational centers in a region of northern Spain, distributed between 650 urban and 111 rural students. Life habits and different indicators of physical, psychological and social health were evaluated, assessing the level of physical activity, maximum oxygen consumption, hours of night sleep, quality of life related to health, self-esteem, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, the environment and the socioeconomic level. RESULTS: Adolescents in rural areas reported a greater number of hours of night sleep and higher levels of HRQL, both as a whole, and specifically in psychological well-being, school environment and autonomy and parents. Adolescents in urban areas reported higher levels of physical activity between 6:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m., and a higher consumption of fast food. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the need for strategies aimed at counteracting the negative influence that physical and sociodemographic factors typical of urbanized areas exert on HRQL. On the other hand, in relation to lifestyle habits, a wider range of extracurricular physical activities in rural areas would be recommended.

Factors associated with adherence to a Mediterranean diet in adolescents from La Rioja (Spain).

The aim of the present study was to describe Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence within a population of adolescents and to analyse the association of multiple factors with adherence. This included a consideration of diverse physical and mental health indicators. The present study was conducted with a representative sample of 761 adolescents (14·51 (sd 1·63) years) from twenty-five educational centres in a northern region of Spain. MD adherence was evaluated, alongside their health-related quality of life, self-esteem, body image satisfaction, BMI, physical activity (PA) level, maximum oxygen consumption, hours of nightly sleep, socio-demographic factors and academic performance. Of the adolescent population, 49 % reported high MD adherence. Being female and having higher levels of PA were found to be predictive factors of adherence to the MD. In addition, maximum oxygen consumption, the presence of environments favourable towards PA engagement and higher self-esteem were also predictive in females, whilst better academic performance and more nightly sleep were additional predictors in males. The associations found between the MD and other health indicators and habits highlight the need to develop promotion strategies from an inter-disciplinary and transversal standpoint.

[Health-related quality of life and lifestyle habits: differences between migrant and native adolescents]. / Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y hábitos de vida: diferencias entre adolescentes migrantes y autóctonos.

OBJECTIVE: The migratory flows have caused the migrant population to become an important collective of the Spanish social reality, being necessary to know their situation to favor their integration, both in the social and school environment. With this purpose, the differences between a population of migrant and native adolescents from a region of northern Spain were analyzed from an integral perspective of health, evaluating different indicators of physical, psychological and social health. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was applied to a sample of 761 schoolchildren, distributed in 618 native (14.49 ± 1.62 years) and 143 migrants (14.55 ± 1.66 years). A descriptive, comparative and correlational analysis was performed of the data obtained from the variables of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, level of physical activity, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, body image satisfaction, hours of nighttime sleep, index body mass, maximum oxygen consumption, academic performance and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Migrant students presented significantly lower values in socioeconomic status (p<0.001), academic performance (p<0.001), self-esteem (p<0.05), level of physical activity (p<0.05), aerobic capacity (p<0.05), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (p<0.05) and body satisfaction (p<0.05). Regarding the quality of life related to health, differences were reported in the global (p<0.001) and in all the dimensions analyzed except in satisfaction with the educational environment. In addition, exclusively in the case of migrants, the socioeconomic status was associated with social support (r=0.256), academic performance (r=0.261) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (r=0.166). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained highlight the relevant role that the school context plays as a health and integration promoter in migrant students. It is necessary to implement strategies that promote access to physical practice and healthy food with the objective of promoting the improvement of community health and, especially, of the most vulnerable groups.

OBJETIVO: Los flujos migratorios han provocado que la población migrante se convierta en un colectivo importante en la sociedad española, haciendo necesaria su integración tanto en el ámbito social como escolar. Con ese propósito, se analizaron las diferencias entre migrantes y autóctonos en una población de adolescentes de una región del norte de España desde una perspectiva integral de la salud, evaluando distintos indicadores tanto físicos como psicológicos y sociales. METODOS: Estudio trasversal aplicado a una muestra de 761 escolares, distribuidos en 618 autóctonos (14,49 ± 1,62 años) y 143 migrantes (14,55 ± 1,66 años). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, comparativo y correlacional de los datos obtenidos de las variables de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, nivel de actividad física, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, autoestima, satisfacción de la imagen corporal, horas de sueño nocturno, índice de masa corporal, consumo máximo de oxígeno, rendimiento académico y nivel socioeconómico. RESULTADOS: El alumnado migrante presentó valores significativamente menores en el nivel socioeconómico (p<0,001), rendimiento académico (p<0,001), autoestima (p<0,05), nivel de actividad física (p<0,05), capacidad aeróbica (p<0,05), adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (p<0,05) y satisfacción corporal (p<0,05). En relación a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (p<0,001), se reportaron diferencias a nivel global y en todas las dimensiones analizadas, excepto en la satisfacción con el entorno educativo. Además, exclusivamente en el caso de los migrantes, el nivel socioeconómico se asoció con el apoyo social (r=0,256), el rendimiento académico (r=0,261) y la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (r=0,166). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos destacan el relevante papel que el contexto escolar ejerce como promotor de salud e integración en los alumnos migrantes. Se hace necesaria la implementación de es-trategias que promuevan el acceso a la práctica física y a alimentos saludables con el objetivo de favorecer la mejora de la salud comunitaria y, en especial, de los grupos más vulnerables.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y hábitos de vida: diferencias entre adolescentes migrantes y autóctonos / Health-related quality of life and lifestyle habits: differences between migrant and native adolescents

OBJETIVO: Los flujos migratorios han provocado que la población migrante se convierta en un colectivo importante en la sociedad española, haciendo necesaria su integración tanto en el ámbito social como escolar. Con ese propósito, se analizaron las diferencias entre migrantes y autóctonos en una población de adolescentes de una región del norte de España desde una perspectiva integral de la salud, evaluando distintos indicadores tanto físicos como psicológicos y sociales. MÉTODOS: Estudio trasversal aplicado a una muestra de 761 escolares, distribuidos en 618 autóctonos (14,49 ± 1,62 años) y 143 migrantes (14,55 ± 1,66 años). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, comparativo y correlacional de los datos obtenidos de las variables de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, nivel de actividad física, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, autoestima, satisfacción de la imagen corporal, horas de sueño nocturno, índice de masa corporal, consumo máximo de oxígeno, rendimiento académico y nivel socioeconómico. RESULTADOS: El alumnado migrante presentó valores significativamente menores en el nivel socioeconómico (p < 0,001), rendimiento académico (p < 0,001), autoestima (p < 0,05), nivel de actividad física (p < 0,05), capacidad aeróbica (p < 0,05), adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (p < 0,05) y satisfacción corporal (p < 0,05). En relación a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (p < 0,001), se reportaron diferencias a nivel global y en todas las dimensiones analizadas, excepto en la satisfacción con el entorno educativo. Además, exclusivamente en el caso de los migrantes, el nivel socioeconómico se asoció con el apoyo social (r=0,256), el rendimiento académico (r=0,261) y la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (r=0,166). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos destacan el relevante papel que el contexto escolar ejerce como promotor de salud e integración en los alumnos migrantes. Se hace necesaria la implementación de es-trategias que promuevan el acceso a la práctica física y a alimentos saludables con el objetivo de favorecer la mejora de la salud comunitaria y, en especial, de los grupos más vulnerables

OBJECTIVE: The migratory flows have caused the migrant population to become an important collective of the Spanish social reality, being necessary to know their situation to favor their integration, both in the social and school environment. With this purpose, the differences between a population of migrant and native adolescents from a region of northern Spain were analyzed from an integral perspective of health, evaluating different indicators of physical, psychological and social health. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was applied to a sample of 761 schoolchildren, distributed in 618 native (14.49 ± 1.62 years) and 143 migrants (14.55 ± 1.66 years). A descriptive, comparative and correlational analysis was performed of the data obtained from the variables of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, level of physical activity, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, body image satisfaction, hours of nighttime sleep, index body mass, maximum oxygen consumption, academic performance and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Migrant students presented significantly lower values in socioeconomic status (p < 0.001), academic performance (p < 0.001), self-esteem (p < 0.05), level of physical activity (p < 0.05), aerobic capacity (p < 0.05), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (p < 0.05) and body satisfaction (p < 0.05). Regarding the quality of life related to health, differences were reported in the global (p < 0.001) and in all the dimensions analyzed except in satisfaction with the educational environment. In addition, exclusively in the case of migrants, the socioeconomic status was associated with social support (r=0.256), academic performance (r=0.261) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (r=0.166). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained highlight the relevant role that the school context plays as a health and integration promoter in migrant students. It is necessary to implement strategies that promote access to physical practice and healthy food with the objective of promoting the improvement of community health and, especially, of the most vulnerable groups